FIPS 38035, ND

Housing, jobs, water, deposits and federal obligations for this county, each figure with the release it came from. Internal point 47.92, -97.45.

Assembled 2026-10-02. Read the brief.

Typical home value
$298,231
as of August 2026
  • 69th pct · 946th of 3,063 US counties · median $234,566
Home value, one year
+7.7%
as of August 2026
  • 89th pct · 314th of 3,063 US counties · median +2.9%
Typical rent
$1,168
as of August 2026
  • 19th pct · 1,124th of 1,399 US counties · median $1,496
Jobs
40,695
as of 2026 Q1-01
  • 81st pct · 600th of 3,221 US counties · median 8,232
Average weekly wage
$1,204
as of 2026 Q1-01
  • 76th pct · 749th of 3,221 US counties · median $1,039
Years of wages per home
4.8
  • 59th pct · 1,227th of 3,063 US counties · median 4.3

Typical home value divided by the average annual wage of one covered job.

A percentile here is a min-max scaling of average rank: the smallest published value in the cohort is 0 and the largest is 100, and tied values share the average of the ranks they span. It is not the share of entities below the value, so 0 means smallest, not none below. Entities that did not publish the metric are outside the cohort entirely and are counted in neither the rank nor its denominator.

Home values #

currentas of 2026 Q1retrieved 2026-10-02

Typical home $298,231 (Aug 2026), +7.7% over one year, +23.1% over five

  • 69th pct · 946th of 3,063 US counties · median $234,566
Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI), typical value of homes in the 35th to 65th percentile, smoothed and seasonally adjusted; a model estimate of value, not a sale price. Data through Zillow Research.
ItemValueDistance
Grand Forks County$298,231 · +7.7% 1-yr

Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI), typical value of homes in the 35th to 65th percentile, smoothed and seasonally adjusted; a model estimate of value, not a sale price. Data through Zillow Research.

Rents #

currentas of 2026 Q1retrieved 2026-10-02

Typical rent $1,168/mo (Aug 2026), +6.2% over one year; price-to-rent 21.3

  • 19th pct · 1,124th of 1,399 US counties · median $1,496
Zillow Observed Rent Index (ZORI), smoothed, all homes and multifamily; price-to-rent = typical home / (typical rent × 12).
ItemValueDistance
Grand Forks County$1,168/mo · +6.2% 1-yr

Zillow Observed Rent Index (ZORI), smoothed, all homes and multifamily; price-to-rent = typical home / (typical rent × 12).

What the typical home costs to carry #

currentretrieved 2026-10-02

Principal and interest of $1,632 a month on $298,231 at 7.28%, against an average weekly wage worth $5,217 a month: 31.3% of one job’s pay.

  • payment = P·r / (1 − (1+r)^−n), P = $298,231 × 80% = $238,585, r = 7.28%/12 (Freddie Mac PMMS via FRED, 2026-10-01), n = 360 → $1,632/mo principal and interest
  • wage share = payment / (avg weekly wage $1,204 × 52 / 12 = $5,217) = 31% of one average job's pay (BLS QCEW 2026 Q1, all covered jobs)
  • years of wages = $298,231 / ($1,204 × 52) = 4.8
  • price-to-rent = $298,231 / ($1,168 × 12) = 21.3

The wage is one covered job’s average, not a household’s income, so this is the share of a single paycheque and not a mortgage underwriting ratio.

Estimate. Principal and interest on the typical home with 20% down over 30 years at this week's Freddie Mac average rate; compared with the average weekly wage of all jobs covered by unemployment insurance in the area (BLS QCEW), which is pay per job, not household income.

Jobs & wages #

currentas of 2026 Q1retrieved 2026-10-02

40,695 jobs at 2,818 employers (2026 Q1); +0.7% jobs and +2.6% average weekly wage over the year

  • 81st pct · 600th of 3,221 US counties · median 8,232
BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, all ownerships, total covered employment in the quarter's third month; over-the-year changes as published. Suppressed cells stay blank.
ItemValueDistance
Grand Forks County40,695 jobs · $1,204/wk · +0.7% YoY
BLS QCEW, all ownerships, third month of the quarter. A location quotient of 1.00 means this county has the national share of its jobs in that sector; 2.00 means twice it. A withheld row is a BLS disclosure code N: the cell is absent, not zero.
NAICS sectorJobsAvg weekly wageLocation quotientJobs over the year
Retail trade5,555$7391.40-1.1%
Accommodation and food services4,275$4351.17+7.3%
Manufacturing2,759$1,7400.84-0.7%
Construction2,294$1,3841.08+6.6%
Professional and technical services1,408$1,6250.50-3.5%
Wholesale trade1,344$1,4810.86-2.9%
Administrative and waste services1,258$8150.54+0.1%
Transportation and warehousing1,221$1,1760.71+2.3%
Arts, entertainment and recreation1,074$2671.60+4.8%
Other services954$9500.78-0.1%
Finance and insurance802$2,1860.48+2.4%
Real estate and rental462$9610.74-3.5%

BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, all ownerships, total covered employment in the quarter's third month; over-the-year changes as published. Suppressed cells stay blank.

Water #

unavailableretrieved 2026-10-02County 38035 has no centroid in the offline manifest yet, and the water report is a search around a point.

Banks & federal dollars #

currentretrieved 2026-10-02

$2.9 bn in deposits at 25 offices of 15 banks (SOD June 2026); HHI 1,124, moderately concentrated. $668.7 m federal obligations in FY2026 (direct payments $384.1 m, grants $158.2 m), $16,431 per covered job

FDIC Summary of Deposits: deposits at every insured office as of June 30, annual; HHI is the sum of squared county deposit shares (DOJ 1995 bank merger screen: 1000 / 1800). USAspending: obligations by place of performance for the latest complete federal fiscal year (Oct 1 to Sep 30), what agencies committed, not what they paid out; recipients are legal entities. Per-job divides obligations by BLS QCEW covered employment.
ItemValueDistance
Alerus Financial, National Association$583.6 m · 20.3% share · 4 offices
Old National Bank$383.0 m · 13.3% share · 2 offices
Gate City Bank$368.4 m · 12.8% share · 3 offices
Grand Forks, ND$668.7 m FY2026 · $16,431/job
FDIC Summary of Deposits, June 2026. These are institution offices, not people: the row is a bank's presence in the county.
InstitutionDepositsShareOffices
Alerus Financial, National Association$583,598,00020.3%4
Old National Bank$382,970,00013.3%2
Gate City Bank$368,430,00012.8%3
U.S. Bank National Association$305,073,00010.6%2
First State Bank$253,548,0008.8%2
Choice Financial Group$248,345,0008.6%2
Wells Fargo Bank, National Association$202,854,0007.1%1
Frandsen Bank & Trust$144,939,0005.0%1
United Valley Bank$94,874,0003.3%1
Bank Forward$72,980,0002.5%1

Deposit concentration is 1,124 across 15 banks, which the 1995 Department of Justice bank merger screen calls moderately concentrated.

HHI = Σ (share %)² over 15 banks with deposits in the county = 20.3² + 13.3² + 12.8² + … (12 more) = 1,124

FDIC Summary of Deposits: deposits at every insured office as of June 30, annual; HHI is the sum of squared county deposit shares (DOJ 1995 bank merger screen: 1000 / 1800). USAspending: obligations by place of performance for the latest complete federal fiscal year (Oct 1 to Sep 30), what agencies committed, not what they paid out; recipients are legal entities. Per-job divides obligations by BLS QCEW covered employment.

Federal obligations #

unavailableretrieved 2026-10-02USAspending did not return a recipient, agency and NAICS breakdown for this county.

That is $16,431 per covered job, against 40,695 jobs in the 2026 Q1 QCEW quarter.

per job = FY2026 obligations $668.7 m / 40,695 covered jobs (BLS QCEW 2026 Q1, all ownerships) = $16,431

USAspending obligations are recorded where the work is performed, so a prime award performed here is counted here even when the recipient is headquartered elsewhere. Recipients are legal entities, never people.

National context, not this county #

currentretrieved 2026-10-02

These are United States, single-gauge, single-state and port series. None of them is keyed to this county.

The national indicator set, unfiltered by place.
SeriesLatestAs ofChange
Mississippi River at Memphis, stage · ftnot publishednot published
Mississippi River at St. Louis, stage · ftnot publishednot published
Ohio River at Louisville, stage · ft16.502026-09-30-11.7%
Missouri River at St. Joseph, stage · ftnot publishednot published
Colorado River below Hoover Dam, flow (Hoover releases) · ft³/s5,170.002026-02-05-25.3%
Texas reservoirs, statewide percent full · %71.302026-10-01+0.1%
Laredo truck crossings, monthly · trucks258,700.002026-08-01-0.4%
Los Angeles + Long Beach container volume, annual · TEU10,513,167.002023-01-01-13.5%
Containerships waiting for a berth, all US ports · ships6.002026-09-22-14.3%
Shanghai to Los Angeles container rate · $ per 40 ft box6,830.002026-08-01+7.4%
US diesel retail price · $ per gallonunavailablenot published
WTI crude oil, spot · $ per barrel96.162026-09-29-3.2%
30-year fixed mortgage rate · %7.282026-10-01+3.6%
Housing starts, annual rate · thousands of units1,275.002026-08-01-2.6%
Building permits, annual rate · thousands of units1,403.002026-08-01-2.1%
Case-Shiller US home price index · index, Jan 2000 = 100337.312026-07-01+0.1%
Unemployment rate · %4.102026-08-01+0.0%
US goods and services trade balance, monthly · $ millions-88,576.002026-07-01-24.4%
Retail sales excluding food services, monthly · $ millions646,347.002026-08-01+1.1%

The indicator registry has no county-keyed series and no geographic selection: every entry is national, a named gauge, a single state or a port. They are here as the backdrop the county's own numbers move against, and they are never this county's readings.

What changed #

currentretrieved 2026-10-02

FIPS 38035, ND: 7 findings, 7 noted

  1. noteFIPS 38035, ND's average weekly wage was 2.6% higher than the same quarter a year earlier in 2026 Q1, on BLS QCEW's published over-the-year change.

    Period 2026 Q1.
    Show the arithmetic
    • +2.6 % = BLS QCEW over-the-year percent change for 2026 Q1, as published
    • the newest QCEW file carries no year-earlier level, so no move from one level to another is printed

    BLS QCEW over-the-year percent change, as published

  2. noteFIPS 38035, ND's covered employment was 0.7% higher than the same quarter a year earlier in 2026 Q1, on BLS QCEW's published over-the-year change.

    Period 2026 Q1.
    Show the arithmetic
    • +0.7 % = BLS QCEW over-the-year percent change for 2026 Q1, as published
    • the newest QCEW file carries no year-earlier level, so no move from one level to another is printed

    BLS QCEW over-the-year percent change, as published

  3. noteFIPS 38035, ND's typical asking rent rose 0.6% from $1,161 in July 2026 to $1,168 in August 2026, on Zillow ZORI.

    Period 2026-08.
    Show the arithmetic
    • +0.6% = (1167.7664032421478 - 1160.8127967401374) / 1160.8127967401374 × 100
    • 1167.7664032421478 = Zillow ZORI, 2026-08
    • 1160.8127967401374 = Zillow ZORI, 2026-07
  4. noteFIPS 38035, ND's typical home value rose 0.6% from $296,493 in July 2026 to $298,231 in August 2026, on Zillow ZHVI.

    Period 2026-08.
    Show the arithmetic
    • +0.6% = (298230.782567212 - 296492.5753275544) / 296492.5753275544 × 100
    • 298230.782567212 = Zillow ZHVI, 2026-08
    • 296492.5753275544 = Zillow ZHVI, 2026-07
  5. noteThe next Unemployment rate (BLS Employment Situation, monthly) covering FIPS 38035, ND is due between 2026-09-25 and 2026-10-09, estimated from the publisher's past release pattern.

    Show the arithmetic
    • window = 2026-09-25 to 2026-10-09, estimated from the publisher's past release pattern

    estimated from the publisher's past release pattern; not an announced date

Read all 7 findings in the full brief

Every finding is produced by a fixed rule table and a fixed sentence for each rule. Nothing here is generated prose.

Sources #

  • publishedTIGERwebU.S. Census Bureauopen the source
    tigerWMS_Current · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • publishedZillow Home Value Index (ZHVI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    County_zhvi_uc_sfrcondo_tier_0.33_0.67_sm_sa_month.csv · period 2026-08 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • publishedZillow Home Value Index (ZHVI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    Metro_zhvi_uc_sfrcondo_tier_0.33_0.67_sm_sa_month.csv · period 2026-08 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • publishedZillow Observed Rent Index (ZORI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    County_zori_uc_sfrcondomfr_sm_month.csv · period 2026-08 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • estimateZillow Home Value Index (ZHVI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · price-to-rent = $298,231 / ($1,168 × 12) = 21.3
  • publishedFRED Economic DataFederal Reserve Bank of St. Louisopen the source
    MORTGAGE30US · period 2026-10-01 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • publishedQuarterly Census of Employment and WagesU.S. Bureau of Labor Statisticsopen the source
    area 38035, all ownerships, all industries · period 2026-Q1 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • estimateZillow Home Value Index (ZHVI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · payment = P·r / (1 − (1+r)^−n), P = $298,231 × 80% = $238,585, r = 7.28%/12 (Freddie Mac PMMS via FRED, 2026-10-01), n = 360 → $1,632/mo principal and interest; wage share = payment / (avg weekly wage $1,204 × 52 / 12 = $5,217) = 31% of one average job's pay (BLS QCEW 2026 Q1, all covered jobs); years of wages = $298,231 / ($1,204 × 52) = 4.8; price-to-rent = $298,231 / ($1,168 × 12) = 21.3
  • publishedQuarterly Census of Employment and WagesU.S. Bureau of Labor Statisticsopen the source
    area 38035, NAICS sectors, private ownership · period 2026-Q1 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • publishedBorder Crossing Entry DataU.S. Bureau of Transportation Statisticsopen the source
    keg4-3bc2 border crossing entry data · period 2026-08 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • estimateZillow Home Value Index (ZHVI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · momentum = momentum = Σ wᵢ · clip(changeᵢ / scaleᵢ, −1, 1) / Σ wᵢ over the terms present; weights and scales: home value 1-yr change 0.3 (±10%), rent 1-yr change 0.15 (±10%), jobs over-the-year change 0.3 (±3%), avg weekly wage over-the-year change 0.25 (±6%); terms home value 1-yr change +7.7% / ±10% × 0.3, rent 1-yr change +6.2% / ±10% × 0.15, jobs over-the-year change +0.7% / ±3% × 0.3, avg weekly wage over-the-year change +2.6% / ±6% × 0.25
  • publishedBankFind Suite APIFederal Deposit Insurance Corporationopen the source
    sod:38035:2026 · period 2026-06-30 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • estimateBankFind Suite APIFederal Deposit Insurance Corporationopen the source
    sod-hhi:38035:2026 · period 2026-06-30 · retrieved 2026-10-02 · HHI = Σ (share %)² over 15 banks with deposits in the county = 20.3² + 13.3² + 12.8² + … (12 more) = 1,124
  • publishedUSAspending APIU.S. Department of the Treasuryopen the source
    spending_by_geography:county:FY2026 · period FY2026 · retrieved 2026-10-02
  • estimateUSAspending APIU.S. Department of the Treasuryopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · per job = FY2026 obligations $668.7 m / 40,695 covered jobs (BLS QCEW 2026 Q1, all ownerships) = $16,431
  • estimateZillow Home Value Index (ZHVI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · typical home value / (typical rent × 12); Zillow ZHVI over ZORI, same month
  • estimateZillow Home Value Index (ZHVI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · momentum = Σ wᵢ · clip(changeᵢ / scaleᵢ, −1, 1) / Σ wᵢ over the terms present; weights and scales: home value 1-yr change 0.3 (±10%), rent 1-yr change 0.15 (±10%), jobs over-the-year change 0.3 (±3%), avg weekly wage over-the-year change 0.25 (±6%)
  • estimateQuarterly Census of Employment and WagesU.S. Bureau of Labor Statisticsopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · typical home value / (average weekly wage × 52); one average covered job, not a household
  • estimateZillow Home Value Index (ZHVI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · month-over-month percent change = (newest month − previous month) / |previous month| × 100, from Zillow's own published month columns
  • estimateZillow Observed Rent Index (ZORI)Zillow Researchopen the source
    · retrieved 2026-10-02 · month-over-month percent change = (newest month − previous month) / |previous month| × 100, from Zillow's own published month columns

Citations

  • U.S. Census Bureau. TIGERweb. series tigerWMS_Current. https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI). series County_zhvi_uc_sfrcondo_tier_0.33_0.67_sm_sa_month.csv. period 2026-08. https://files.zillowstatic.com/research/public_csvs/zhvi/County_zhvi_uc_sfrcondo_tier_0.33_0.67_sm_sa_month.csv. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI). series Metro_zhvi_uc_sfrcondo_tier_0.33_0.67_sm_sa_month.csv. period 2026-08. https://files.zillowstatic.com/research/public_csvs/zhvi/Metro_zhvi_uc_sfrcondo_tier_0.33_0.67_sm_sa_month.csv. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Observed Rent Index (ZORI). series County_zori_uc_sfrcondomfr_sm_month.csv. period 2026-08. https://files.zillowstatic.com/research/public_csvs/zori/County_zori_uc_sfrcondomfr_sm_month.csv. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI). https://www.zillow.com/research/data/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: price-to-rent = $298,231 / ($1,168 × 12) = 21.3.
  • Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. FRED Economic Data. series MORTGAGE30US. period 2026-10-01. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MORTGAGE30US. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. series area 38035, all ownerships, all industries. period 2026-Q1. https://data.bls.gov/cew/data/api/2026/1/area/38035.csv. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI). https://www.zillow.com/research/data/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: payment = P·r / (1 − (1+r)^−n), P = $298,231 × 80% = $238,585, r = 7.28%/12 (Freddie Mac PMMS via FRED, 2026-10-01), n = 360 → $1,632/mo principal and interest; wage share = payment / (avg weekly wage $1,204 × 52 / 12 = $5,217) = 31% of one average job's pay (BLS QCEW 2026 Q1, all covered jobs); years of wages = $298,231 / ($1,204 × 52) = 4.8; price-to-rent = $298,231 / ($1,168 × 12) = 21.3.
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. series area 38035, NAICS sectors, private ownership. period 2026-Q1. https://data.bls.gov/cew/data/api/2026/1/area/38035.csv. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Border Crossing Entry Data. series keg4-3bc2 border crossing entry data. period 2026-08. https://data.bts.gov/resource/keg4-3bc2.json. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI). https://www.zillow.com/research/data/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: momentum = momentum = Σ wᵢ · clip(changeᵢ / scaleᵢ, −1, 1) / Σ wᵢ over the terms present; weights and scales: home value 1-yr change 0.3 (±10%), rent 1-yr change 0.15 (±10%), jobs over-the-year change 0.3 (±3%), avg weekly wage over-the-year change 0.25 (±6%); terms home value 1-yr change +7.7% / ±10% × 0.3, rent 1-yr change +6.2% / ±10% × 0.15, jobs over-the-year change +0.7% / ±3% × 0.3, avg weekly wage over-the-year change +2.6% / ±6% × 0.25.
  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. BankFind Suite API. series sod:38035:2026. period 2026-06-30. https://banks.data.fdic.gov/api/sod?filters=STCNTYBR%3A38035+AND+YEAR%3A2026&fields=CERT%2CNAMEFULL%2CBRNUM%2CUNINUMBR%2CDEPSUMBR%2CASSET%2CSTCNTYBR%2CCNTYNAMB%2CSTALPBR%2CYEAR%2CSIMS_LATITUDE%2CSIMS_LONGITUDE&format=json&limit=10000. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. BankFind Suite API. series sod-hhi:38035:2026. period 2026-06-30. https://banks.data.fdic.gov/docs/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: HHI = Σ (share %)² over 15 banks with deposits in the county = 20.3² + 13.3² + 12.8² + … (12 more) = 1,124.
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. USAspending API. series spending_by_geography:county:FY2026. period FY2026. https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/search/spending_by_geography/. accessed 2026-10-02.
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. USAspending API. https://api.usaspending.gov/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: per job = FY2026 obligations $668.7 m / 40,695 covered jobs (BLS QCEW 2026 Q1, all ownerships) = $16,431.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI). https://www.zillow.com/research/data/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: typical home value / (typical rent × 12); Zillow ZHVI over ZORI, same month.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI). https://www.zillow.com/research/data/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: momentum = Σ wᵢ · clip(changeᵢ / scaleᵢ, −1, 1) / Σ wᵢ over the terms present; weights and scales: home value 1-yr change 0.3 (±10%), rent 1-yr change 0.15 (±10%), jobs over-the-year change 0.3 (±3%), avg weekly wage over-the-year change 0.25 (±6%).
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. https://www.bls.gov/cew/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: typical home value / (average weekly wage × 52); one average covered job, not a household.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI). https://www.zillow.com/research/data/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: month-over-month percent change = (newest month − previous month) / |previous month| × 100, from Zillow's own published month columns.
  • Zillow Research. Zillow Observed Rent Index (ZORI). https://www.zillow.com/research/data/. accessed 2026-10-02. estimate computed by Embedding Atlas: month-over-month percent change = (newest month − previous month) / |previous month| × 100, from Zillow's own published month columns.

What these numbers are not

  • County 38035 is not in the offline place manifest yet (21 of about 3,235 counties are), so its name and centroid have to come from upstream at request time.
  • USAspending did not answer for recipients, awarding agencies and NAICS.
  • Obligations are what agencies committed in FY2026 by place of performance: not outlays, and not the recipient's own location.
  • FY2026 closed 2 days ago; agencies report with up to a 45-day lag, so totals are still filling in.
  • The indicator block is the NATIONAL set, filtered only by lens. None of these series is keyed to this place: they are United States, gauge, single-state or port series and they are shown as context, not as this place's own readings.

Page assembled 2026-10-02T03:07:49.046Z. Place identity tables have never been pulled: names, centroids and memberships come from the offline seed, which is complete for states and metropolitan areas and partial for counties.